It’s been a year since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic and the world as we knew it was turned upside down.
For this nation’s nonprofits, the past twelve months have been an unsettling journey through repeated phases of crisis planning and crisis management. Finally, though, we can see probable light at the end of the tunnel sooner rather than later. With three separate vaccines approved for emergency use, a ramped-up production and distribution schedule, and a historic $1.9 trillion relief package now on the books, it may be time for America’s tax-exempt organizations to collectively exhale and begin to envision a non-crisis path forward.
With the start of any ordinary new year, there are certain planning and housekeeping tasks that nonprofit organizations routinely undertake. One of the usual January activities is the review of the organization’s written policies and handbooks. Depending on the size and scope of a particular organization, there may be just a handful or so of key governance policies or the group may have in place dozens of them on a broad range of topics.
Although New Year’s Day was a few months back, now – on the cusp of spring – seems to be the right time to begin thinking about a comprehensive policies review. Because of the upheaval we have all experienced, this round of review may be much more than the simple tweaks and updates. Will the mission, scope, operations, and organizational structure of each organization be the same as before the coronavirus tsunami slammed onto our shores? Probably not. And who knew – for instance, back in early March 2020 – that much of the work of the nonprofit sector could be shifted offsite and done electronically? Perhaps most workers will clamor to get back to the office and the comfort and camaraderie of doughnuts in the break room? Or perhaps not.
“Creating nonprofit policies begins with knowing what they are,” according to Board Effect’s Lena Eisenstein, writing in Nonprofit Policy Review Checklist (August 12, 2020).
“Policies are the operational guidelines for an organization,” Ms. Eisenstein explains. Their purpose is “… to protect and steer the staff and the board as they fulfill the mission of the organization.” They are distinct from the other key corporate documents comprising the governance package of an organization; that is: (1) the articles of incorporation and the bylaws.
Articles and Bylaws Distinguished
The founders of most nonprofit organizations choose to proceed with the corporate format instead of defaulting to the status of unincorporated associations. A corporation is a fictional legal entity established under state law and that is separate and apart from the individuals; a key benefit to this choice is the shielding of the individuals from legal liability.
The necessary steps include filing an “articles of incorporation,” a public document with certain required information. See, for example, California Nonprofit Articles of Incorporation (September 1, 2019) Gene Takagi, Esq., NEO Law Blog. This corporate charter is generally brief and includes the basic points only set out in state law: name, purpose statement, street address of principal office, initial agent for service of process, certain brief statements needed to qualify for federal tax exemption. This document can be amended but is done only sparingly; for instance, if the organization wants to change its name or purpose statement.
Generally, under state law, a corporation is required also to adopt bylaws that must include certain points and may include many other optional provisions. “Bylaws may contain any provision, not in conflict with law or the corporation’s articles of incorporation, for the management of the activities and for the conduct of the affairs of the corporation.”
The formal bylaws document includes the “primary policies for an organization” including defining “… the role of the board members, how they are elected, how they function during board meetings, and how their work is structured.” Similarly, the bylaws also describe and define the officers of the corporation, how they are elected, and their powers and duties. If there are members, the bylaws will include those details as well including voting rights.
Bylaws should provide guidance to the corporation’s board of directors and reassurance to government authorities, funders, and other interested stakeholders. In addition, they allow contractual parties to verify that corporate actions were properly taken.
While there are many other optional provisions that can be included in the bylaws, they “normally only create the very basic structure for” operation, and “should not be cluttered by every conceivable rule and recommendation.” And “…bylaws are an evolving document and need to be reviewed by the board on a regular basis.” Bylaws can be amended from time to time.
Corporate Policies
“The purpose of policies is to protect and steer the staff and the board as they fulfill the mission of the organization. They are a reference tool for appropriate action, ethical decision making, and for dealing with potential or actual conflicts.”
It’s a bit too facile to suggest that policies are what’s leftover after the articles of incorporation and the bylaws. But, in certain respects, that’s accurate. The corporate policies documents and handbooks can perform distinct functions. For instance, policies “can paraphrase a law, explain a procedure, clarify a principle, or express a desired goal.”
The size, scope, and purposes of a particular nonprofit organization will determine how many policies are needed or at least recommended. For most organizations, including small groups, there are six basic policies recommended by the Internal Revenue Service. See When The Revenue Agent Comes Calling (March 15, 2016).
For larger groups and major institutions, there may be a far greater number – spanning topic areas ranging from human resources, financial management, fundraising, communications, investments, and data management and security. See Nonprofit Policy Review Checklist, cited above.
See also Top Ten Policies and Practices for Nonprofit Organizations (December 17, 2013) Virginia Sikes, Esq., Montgomery, McCracken Walker & Rhoades, LLP and What Governance Policies Should Your Nonprofit Have? (May 2013), Stephen Fishman, J.D., Nolo Press.
Conclusion
“New policies are regularly needed to deal with situations that arise in the life of an organization.” As each organization regains its footing in this newest – and hopefully concluding – phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the board and senior staff should begin the process of evaluating the current and future needs in terms of policy documents.
— Linda J. Rosenthal, J.D., FPLG Information & Research Director
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