On 5 March 2026, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) ruled in Žaidimų valiuta (C-472/24)[1] on the VAT treatment of (grey market) transactions concerning an in-game virtual currency (Gold) in Runescape, a game developed by Jagex. The Court held,
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When Courts Meet Code: Judicial review of competition and DMA decisions
By Dr. Konstantina Bania
By the time a digital‑markets case reaches a court room, a paradoxical situation has arisen: the business model in the file is obsolete, the market definition section reads like historical fiction, and the junior in chambers
Why deep tech cannot adequately tap into European public sector support (and what to do about it)
Source: European Commission © European Union, 2026, licensed under CC BY 4.0
Europe is stuck in a static industrial structure with few new companies rising up to disrupt existing industries or develop new growth engines. This is not because we lack
A jury is rewriting the platform accountability playbook in the US
By Dr. Konstantina Bania
A California jury has done something US courts have long refused to do: hold Meta and YouTube legally responsible not for what users post, but for how their platforms are designed to keep children hooked. By
CHECK24: another warning shot on parity clauses for platform businesses
Parity clauses remain firmly on the German competition authority’s radar, as the recent CHECK24 case illustrates. More importantly, the authority’s concerns are not limited to classic contractual clauses. They also extend to ranking, visibility and other commercial tools capable of
Digital Omnibus: What Would it Mean for Competition and Privacy in Advertising?
In November 2025, the European Commission (“Commission”) proposed a “Digital Omnibus” regulation to amend several EU legislations.[1]
Although presented as a simplification exercise to strengthen Europe’s competitiveness, the proposal revisits key provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
The French Competition Authority’s Public Consultation regarding Conversational Agents: An Opportunity for All the Stakeholders to Explain the Market to the Regulator
1. After opening on 9 January 2026 an ex officio investigation in the conversational agents sector, the French Autorité de la concurrence (the “Authority”) has launched on 29 January 2026 a public consultation in this regard (the “Consultation”), marking another step in the Authority’s
APP STORE CLAIMS: ANOTHER IMPORTANT LINK TO THE CJEU’S CHAIN IN PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT CASES
As private antitrust litigation against tech companies becomes increasingly common, courts are increasingly called upon to determine international and territorial jurisdiction for antitrust infringements that are committed in the EU without any physical location. The EU jurisdictional rule in Article
The Amazon DSA Designation Appeal: the General Court Rejects Amazon’s Broad Fundamental-Rights Challenge
The last few months have seen a series of Digital Services Act (DSA) judgments by the General Court (GC) of the European Union, the first three of which were examined in an earlier blog post. The latest in this
The Bits of Freedom ruling: the first step in private DSA enforcement
With the Digital Services Act (DSA) entering into force on 17 February 2024, it was only a matter of time before private parties began to exercise their rights in civil courts. On 2 October 2025, the Amsterdam District Court delivered