Introduction
Article I of the Outer Space Treaty, 1967 (“OST”) guarantees that the exploration and use of outer space “shall be the province of all mankind” and free to all States. Article II, in the same breath, prohibits “national appropriation
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What’s in the Name? Terminology, Legal Uncertainty and the Codification of Non-Legally Binding International Agreement
The International Law Commission, in the May-June 2026 session provisionally adopted Draft Conclusions 1-5 for Non-Legally Binding International Agreement (NLBIAs). The very title of the agenda has been a subject of debate since its introduction, with States (See sixth committee
Early Determination in Arbitration: Navigating India’s Uncertain Legal Landscape
INTRODUCTION
One of the most notable changes brought by the recent 2026 International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Rules, is the introduction of an explicit early determination mechanism. While early determination guarantees efficiency and expediency, it may also give rise
Regulation Without Accountability? Tax Measures and De-Legalisation of Investment Law in India
I. Introduction: Fiscal Sovereignty and the Right to Regulate
Taxation, a fundamental sovereign function, is essential to promote social policy goals, regulate behaviour, and raise revenues, which form the foundation of the international legal order. States derive the power
WTO Safeguards at Crossroads: The “Unforeseen Developments” Standard in a Changing Global Trade Order
Introduction
Article XIX of the GATT 1994 permits the member to impose safeguard duties, in exceptional circumstances, where increased imports ‘cause’ or ‘threaten to cause’ serious injury to domestic industry. Within the WTO, safeguards constitute one of the limited trade-remedial
Manifestation of Androcentric Law: Who is her voice? Law, Liberalism or Lenses of FAIL
A distinct bias in International Law underlines feminist international legal theory, and constitutes the prerequisite for the exercise of a sweeping and often comprehensive critique of the entire structure of international law. As Ms. Swati Parmar mentions in one of
Who Decides When a Stock is ‘Overfished’?: The WTO’s New Legal Challenge under the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement
Introduction
After more than two decades of negotiations, the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (“AFS”) entered into force in September 2025. It applies to marine wild capture fishing and fishing-related activities at sea and prohibits harmful subsidies
The India–Uzbekistan BIT: A Case Study for Express Counterclaims and the Structural Limits of Rebalancing in ISDS
Introduction
The investor-state dispute settlement system (‘ISDS’) has been an asymmetrical regime, often making investment arbitration an instrument of advancing the interests of investors of economically developed states. It has been argued that counterclaims by host States can serve
#IceCreamNotWar: On Legal Sightseeing, Everyday Encounters, and Experiencing International Law with Sofia Stolk and Renske Vos
Dr Sofia Stolk is an Assistant Professor at VU Amsterdam and a research fellow at the Asser Institute, whose work explores how international law is seen, staged, and experienced through visual media. Dr. Renske Vos is an Assistant Professor at
When National Security Masks Protectionism: Lessons from the Nippon-U.S. Steel Acquisition
Introduction
Since 2015, the number of countries with national security-based foreign direct investment (FDI) screening regimes has more than doubled. This expansion comes along with the broad regulatory touchstones, such as national security, public order, or national interest. These