In the construction industry, a lot can go wrong with the progress and completion of the structure itself. By the same token, many potential situations pose risk to the health and safety of your employees and others working on the jobsite. Hazardous conditions can have both short-term and long-term financial consequences along with the possibility of work-related illness or injury.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) have both developed “Focus Four” lists that highlight job hazards that can have long-term negative effects on the health of your employees and your construction business.
Here’s an overview of eight of the top safety and health hazards in construction — and some preventive measures you can take to avoid these risks.
1. Falls
It’s no secret how dangerous — and unfortunately prevalent — falls are. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, falls accounted for more than 1 in 3 jobsite fatalities in 2019.
Falls trigger a lot of OSHA safety inspections, and they account for half of the top 10 violations handed out by the Office. Many of the accidents stem from oversights that could have been prevented with more vigilance on the job. You must be wary of these hazards and make prevention a part of your formal safety program.
OSHA requires that holes in walking surfaces and skylight areas six feet or higher above a lower level must be protected by covers, guardrails, or fall arrest systems. Guardrail installation also applies to stairs, runways, and ramps situated six feet above a lower level. Establishing and enforcing these guidelines as part of your daily operations can significantly reduce the number of falls on the job.
2. Getting caught in or between
Getting caught in a piece of machinery or caught between a piece of heavy equipment and the ground or a wall could result in the loss of life or limb. Clothing or jewelry can get tangled up in an unprotected pulley or conveyor system, while unguarded trenches pose risk for collapse and crushing injuries or suffocation.
To reduce the risk of injury or death, you must train employees to be aware of heavy equipment during operation and refrain from wearing loose clothing or apparatuses attached to the body that can get caught up in moving machinery parts. Workers should also stay clear of the radius of operation for devices such as fans, drive belts, or come-alongs, for example.
3. Struck-by accidents
Head, neck, or bodily injuries and death most often occur when workers use power tools, walk beneath elevated work areas, and situate themselves near improperly stored building materials. “Struck-by” fatalities numbered 170 in 2019, accounting for 15.4% of all deaths in the construction industry.
Prevention and risk avoidance remain top priorities for your contracting business. Among the top safety measures implemented in your daily operations, you should ensure that all loads being moved are secured, caution employees to steer clear of suspended loads and overhead work, and strictly enforce the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as hard helmets and safety glasses.
4. Electrocution
Powered-up equipment and electrical lines stand out as two principal risks on a jobsite. Inadvertent contact with exposed or hot wires or improper operation of energized machinery hold obvious peril for employees who have not undergone necessary safety training.
Part of your formal safety program aimed at reducing burns or electrocution must require that workers wear clothing and PPE that includes boots, gloves, long-sleeved garments, and face shields. Keeping a safe distance from power lines and marking areas where powered equipment is in use will also help minimize the risk for electrical accidents. You should also ensure that electrical equipment is adequately powered down and completely shut off.
5. Manual material handling
AIHA cautions construction companies that moving building materials and equipment manually can lead to health complications. Pushing, pulling, holding, and carrying construction items often places employees in awkward and unnatural positions that can cause musculoskeletal disorders (MSD).
These injuries often result in missed time or permanent incapacity. Financial distress can result from a lack of skilled labor and possible workers’ compensation insurance claims.
Some methods to avoid MSDs involve dropping materials as close as possible to where they’ll be deployed or installed. Heavy loads should be transported by carts, dollies, and lifting tables. Innovative tools that cut down on muscle strain and overexertion should replace less modern items. Analyze work processes to identify how efficiency and proper ergonomics can be optimized.
6. Noise
The main problem with exposure to loud noise on construction sites is that hearing loss can occur gradually without an employee recognizing that damage is occurring. Other injuries can often be corrected, but hearing loss is neither reversible nor curable. Thus, prevention becomes a key concern for your construction business.
Employees may be unaware of unsafe noise levels, so continual detection helps reduce the chance of hearing loss. Over an eight-hour day, OSHA’s pocket guide on construction noise and hazard controls recommends that noise levels sit below 85 A-weighted decibels.
One way to monitor noise is through the use of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) Sound Level Meter App that can be downloaded on mobile devices. Readouts warn employees when noise reaches potentially unsafe intensity.
7. Air contaminants
Dust created from sawing or drilling and potentially damaging odors and vapors are inhaled through the mouth and nose, the most common routes of entry for air contaminants. Swallowing hazardous airborne particles is less common but must also be accounted for in construction health and safety protocols. More than half of all construction workers report at least two exposures weekly to such contaminants.
PPE then becomes an integral part of how you manage these risks. Masks and respirators must be used where contaminants come into play. Monitoring constantly changing unsafe levels of contaminants helps drive new safety protocols while adequate ventilation in closed spaces also helps lessen the chance that employee health issues can arise. NIOSH’s Pocket Guide to Hazardous Chemicals contains a database of workplace chemical information including exposure limits, PPE, respirators, and first aid.
Planning for when and where contaminants will be present allows you to provide employees with the appropriate barriers to possible illnesses and injuries.
8. High temperatures
Construction work in hot climates can have severe health implications when overexposure factors into the equation. Heat stroke is one of the most common conditions that you must prevent when working in extreme temperatures. Heat stroke can be even more difficult to diagnose because afflicted workers can have impaired judgment and trouble describing their symptoms.
Hydration helps combat the frequency of heat stroke. Continuously drinking water or sports beverages will help compensate for sweat loss that also results in less threatening occurrences of exhaustion, dizziness, and fainting. Also, make sure that more frequent scheduled and unlimited as-needed breaks can be taken in the shade or air-conditioned spaces. A plan for recognizing and treating symptoms should also be in place when work is done in full sun and the heat index rises.
Read More: Common Construction Risks and How to Manage Them
The true cost of health & safety hazards
Besides the obvious humane angle, there are many financial risks that come with health and safety hazards on the job.
Lost days at work can impact the scheduled timeline and projected profitability of a job. Skilled labor will be more difficult to come by if your company has a track record of unhealthy and unsafe business practices. Higher volumes of workers’ compensation claims will cause policy premiums to skyrocket, adding yet another unwanted expense to your operations.
And while the timely completion of a project is critical, nothing holds more importance than the safety and well-being of your employees.
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