Topic
Bribery
1,283 published works
Global Investigations & Compliance Review
Magyar Telekom, Deutsche Telekom Settle FCPA-Related Actions
Magyar Telekom Plc and its majority owner Deutsche Telekom AG have agreed to pay a total of approximately $95 million in penalties arising from alleged violations of the anti-bribery and…
China Law Insight
商业贿赂数额累计计算问题
作者:吴巍 苏少华 金杜律师事务所争议解决组 对贿赂犯罪定罪量刑时,行贿受贿数额在何种情形下会被累计计算,实务中的做法不统一。在司法实践经验中,由于法律规定不够明确、打击腐败的政策等原因, 无论是受贿还是行贿均存在被累计计算的法律风险。具体分析如下: 一、受贿罪累计计算问题 1、法律规定 (1)《中华人民共和国刑法》(1)(“《刑法》”)第三百八十三条第二款规定:“对多次贪污未经处理的,按照累计贪污数额处罚。”第三百八十六条规定:“对犯受贿罪的,根据受贿所得数额及情节,依照本法第三百八十三条的规定处罚。索贿的从重处罚。” (2)《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于执行<关于惩治贪污罪贿赂罪的补充规定>若干问题的解答》(2)规定:“多次贪污未经处理,是指两次以上(含两次)的贪污行为,既没有受过刑事处罚(包括免予起诉、免予刑事处分),也没有受过行政处理。累积计算贪污数额时,应按刑法有关追诉时效的规定执行,在追诉时效期限内的贪污数额应累计计算,已过追诉时效期限的贪污数额不予计算。” 2、司法实践 根据刑法第三百八十三条第二款的规定,受贿罪的处罚原则为:“对多次受贿未经处理的,按照累计受贿数额处罚。” 该规定存在两个有争议的问题,一是何谓“多次”,二是“未经处理”是既包括未经刑罚处理也包括未经党纪、行政处理,还是只指“未经刑罚处理”,立法和刑法解释对此都没有明确的规定。但是,根据国家对商业贿赂犯罪严厉打击的刑事政策,以及《刑法》第383条第4项“情节较轻的,由其所在单位或者上级主管机关酌情给予行政处分”的规定,“多次”和“未经处理”在司法实践中存在被理解为只要是未经行政处理或刑罚处理的多次贿赂行为都应当累计计算。而且,司法实践中已经出现这样的案例。 司法实践中,通常有如下情形: (1)多次受贿,每次均达到刑事立案标准 此种情形下,只要没有超过追诉时效,且未经处理(包括未经行政处理和刑罚处理),都会被累计计算。 (2)多次受贿,有些达到刑事立案标准,有些没有达到刑事立案标准 此种情形下,只要没有超过诉讼时效,且未经处理(包括未经行政处理和刑罚处理),都存在被累计计算的风险。虽然对于没有达到立案标准的是否应该被累计计算存在争议,但是鉴于中国打击腐败的政策原因,司法实践中,已经发生将逢年过节所收小额礼品也计算为受贿数额的案例。 (3)多次受贿,每次单独均没有达到刑事立案标准,但是累计计算可达刑事立案标准 这种情况是最具有争议的,但是,鉴于: 第一,“未经处理”存在被理解为包括未经行政处理和刑罚处理两种情形,对于多次受贿但每次均没有达到立案标准的情形,也存在被累计计算的法律风险。 第二,在刑法理论上,有“徐行犯”的法律概念,指的是,虽然每次行为单独均不构成犯罪,但是多次行为加在一起已经达到定罪的标准,也应按照犯罪处理。 第三,司法实践中,已经存在多次受贿但每次均没有达到立案标准,累计计算达到刑事立案标准被定罪的案例。 因此,此种情形下,虽然每次受贿行贿单独均不构成犯罪,但是累计计算达到立案标准的,存在被按照犯罪处理的法律风险。 二、行贿罪累计计算问题(行贿犯罪的立案标准存在“数额标准”和“非数额标准”两个标准) 1、法律规定 (1)《最高人民检察院公安部关于公安机关管辖的刑事案件立案追诉标准的规定(二)》(3)第十一条规定:“为谋取不正当利益(4),给予公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员以财物,个人行贿数额在一万元以上的,单位行贿数额在二十万元以上的,应予立案追诉。” (2)《最高人民检察院关于行贿罪立案标准的规定》(5)第一条规定:“……行贿罪是指为谋取不正当利益,给予国家工作人员以财物的行为。 …… 涉嫌下列情形之一的,应予立案:A.行贿数额在一万元以上的;B.行贿数额不满一万元,但具有下列情形之一的:(a)为谋取非法利益而行贿的;(b)向三人以上行贿的;(c)向党政领导、司法工作人员、行政执法人员行贿的;(d)致使国家或者社会利益遭受重大损失的。 ……”…
Securities Law Prof Blog
Hungarian Telecom Company Settles FCPA Charges
The SEC today charged the largest telecommunications provider in Hungary and three of its former top executives with bribing government and political party officials in Macedonia and Montenegro to win business…
Red Notice Law Journal
Bribes: The Dirty Little Secret of INTERPOL’s Less Scrupulous Member Countries
How many bribes does it take to get a Red Notice removed? While this sounds like the lead-in to a bad joke, for many people facing Red Notices, it is…
Marler Blog
Restaurant Inspectors in Grading Scandal
By Bill Marler
Terry McSweeney of ABC Channel 7 broke a sad and potentially dangerous scandal. This week San Francisco's district attorney Gascon announced a major bribery scandal accusing city food safety inspectors…
Global Investigations & Compliance Review
Federal Judge Reverses Lindsey Manufacturing Convictions, Dismisses Indictments
Back in May, we brought you news of the first Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") jury verdict rendered against a corporate defendant in the case of Lindsey Manufacturing, Inc. ("Lindsey…
Subject to Inquiry
The Snakes within the corrupt offices of Indian Government
By Government Investigations Group
It was reported in the Guardian newspaper, today, that two farmers, fed up with facing repeated demands to pay bribes, emptied three bags filled with snakes in a busy tax…
Sentencing Law and Policy
Feds asking for prison term of 15 to 20 years for Rod Blagojevich
Main November 30, 2011Feds asking for prison term of 15 to 20 years for Rod BlagojevichAs detailed in this local press account, "federal prosecutors asked a judge Wednesday to sentence…
Subject to Inquiry
Tanzania urged to prosecute over the BAE Systems bribery claim
By Government Investigations Group
It is noteworthy how long this type of investigation and prosecution last. Even though it was disposed of by the court almost one year ago in the UK, the bad…
Legal Profession Blog
Reinstatement Unopposed But Denied
The Maryland Court of Appeals has denied the reinstatement request of a high-profile lawyer/lobbyist comviction of bribery in California. The conviction was later overturned, but the court nonetheless declined to reconsider…